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Information sharing, interpretation and meaningful expression have used digital images in the past couple of decades very usefully and extensively. This extensive use not only evolved the digital communication world with ease and usability but also produced unwanted difficulties around the use of digital images. Because of their extensive usage it sometimes becomes harder to filter images based on their visual contents. To overcome these problems, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) was introduced as one of the recent ways to find specific images in massive databases of digital images for efficiency or in other words for continuing the use of digital images in information sharing. In the past years, many systems of CBIR have been anticipated, developed and brought into usage as an outcome of huge research done in CBIR domain. Based on the contents of images, different approaches of CBIR have different implementations for searching images resulting in different measures of performance and accuracy. Some of them are in fact very effective approaches for fast and efficient content based image retrieval.

This research highlights the hard work done by researchers to develop the image retrieval techniques based on the color of images. These techniques along with their pros and cons as well as their application in relevant fields are discussed in the survey paper. Moreover, the techniques are also categorized on the basis of common approach used.

Keywords

CBIR, Color Histogram, Digitized Images, Image Indexing, Image Repositories, Vector Quantization.

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Comparative Analysis of Peer to Peer Networks

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Authors

Saleha Masood ¹, Muhammad AlyasShahid ¹, Muhammad Sharif ¹, Mussarat Yasmin ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, Comsats Institute of Information Technology, WahCantt, PK

Source

International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications, Vol 9, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 3477-3491

Abstract

Today over the Internet, communication and computing environments are considerably and significantly becoming more and more chaotic and complex than normal classical distributed systems that have some lacking of any hierarchical control and some centralized organization. There in the emerging of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks overlays has become of much interest because P2P networks provide a good quality substrate to create a largescale content distribution, data sharing, and multicast applications at the application-level. P2P networks are commonly used as “file-swapping” in any network to provide support in sharing of distributed contents. For data and file sharing, a number of P2P networks have been deployed and developed. Gnutella, Fast track and Napster are three popular and commonly used P2P networking systems. In this research a broad overview of P2P networks computing is presented. This research is focusing on content sharing technologies, networks and techniques. In this research, it is also tried to emphasize on the study and analysis of popular P2P network topologies used in networking systems. This research is also focuses, identifies and describes the most common architecture models of P2P networks and compares different properties, characteristics and features of four P2P systems—Fast track, Gnutella, Open FT and Napster. In P2P organization, every peer grosses mutually the parts of the server as well of the client. By way of a client, it can demand and copy its required record files from additional peers, and in place of a server, it can offer data files to additional peers. The survey basically analyzes and outlines the basic structuring of P2P networks together with their analysis, comparison, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The survey presents numerous organized and unstructured P2P structures.

Keywords

Peer to Peer Networks, Centralized, Distributed, Structured, Unstructured.

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